Scientific sources and references
Nitric Oxide
Luiking YC, Engelen MP, Deutz NE. Regulation of nitric oxide production in health and disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010 Jan;13(1):97-104. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328332f99d. PMID: 19841582; PMCID: PMC2953417.
Tsuchiya K, Kanematsu Y, Yoshizumi M, Ohnishi H, Kirima K, Izawa Y, Shikishima M, Ishida T, Kondo S, Kagami S, Takiguchi Y, Tamaki T. Nitrite is an alternative source of NO in vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005 May;288(5):H2163-70. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00525.2004. Epub 2004 Dec 30. PMID: 15626692.
Nakaki T, Hishikawa K. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2002 Jan;119(1):7-14. Japanese. doi: 10.1254/fpj.119.7. PMID: 11862757.
Titov VY, Ivanova AV, Petrov VA, Serezhenkov VA, Mikoyan VD, Vanin AF, Osipov AN. Can summary nitrite+nitrate content serve as an indicator of NO synthesis intensity in body tissues? Bull Exp Biol Med. 2012 Oct;153(6):839-42. English, Russian. doi: 10.1007/s10517-012-1839-9. PMID: 23113298.
FOR FURTHER scientific discussion on Nitric Oxide and its health benefits.
L-Arginine
Mirmiran, P., Bahadoran, Z., Ghasemi, A., & Azizi, F. (2016). The Association of Dietary l-Arginine Intake and Serum Nitric Oxide Metabolites in Adults: A Population-Based Study. Nutrients, 8(5), 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8050311
Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Jeddi S, Carlström M, Azizi F, Ghasemi A. Circulating markers of nitric oxide homeostasis and cardiometabolic diseases: insights from population-based studies. Free Radic Res. 2019 Apr;53(4):359-376. doi: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1587168. Epub 2019 Apr 23. PMID: 30821533.
Citrulline Malate
Shirai M, Hiramatsu I, Aoki Y, Shimoyama H, Mizuno T, Nozaki T, Fukuhara S, Iwasa A, Kageyama S, Tsujimura A. Oral L-citrulline and Transresveratrol Supplementation Improves Erectile Function in Men With Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Study. Sex Med. 2018 Dec;6(4):291-296. doi: 10.1016/j.esxm.2018.07.001. Epub 2018 Aug 24. PMID: 30150102; PMCID: PMC6302103.
Suzuki T, Morita M, Kobayashi Y, Kamimura A. Oral L-citrulline supplementation enhances cycling time trial performance in healthy trained men: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016 Feb 19;13:6. doi: 10.1186/s12970-016-0117-z. PMID: 26900386; PMCID: PMC4759860.
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Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, Lord T, Vanhatalo A, Winyard PG, Jones AM. l-Citrulline supplementation improves O2 uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise performance in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015 Aug 15;119(4):385-95. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00192.2014. Epub 2015 May 28. PMID: 26023227.
Moinard C, Nicolis I, Neveux N, Darquy S, Bénazeth S, Cynober L. Dose-ranging effects of citrulline administration on plasma amino acids and hormonal patterns in healthy subjects: the Citrudose pharmacokinetic study. Br J Nutr. 2008 Apr;99(4):855-62. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507841110. Epub 2007 Oct 22. PMID: 17953788.
Beet Root
Clements WT, Lee SR, Bloomer RJ. Nitrate ingestion: a review of the health and physical performance effects. Nutrients. 2014 Nov 18;6(11):5224-64. doi: 10.3390/nu6115224. PMID: 25412154; PMCID: PMC4245587.
Kapil V, Khambata RS, Robertson A, Caulfield MJ, Ahluwalia A. Dietary nitrate provides sustained blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients: a randomized, phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hypertension. 2015 Feb;65(2):320-7. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04675. Epub 2014 Nov 24. PMID: 25421976; PMCID: PMC4288952.
Hobbs DA, Goulding MG, Nguyen A, Malaver T, Walker CF, George TW, Methven L, Lovegrove JA. Acute ingestion of beetroot bread increases endothelium-independent vasodilation and lowers diastolic blood pressure in healthy men: a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr. 2013 Sep;143(9):1399-405. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.175778. Epub 2013 Jul 24. PMID: 23884387.
Pomegranate
Schini-Kerth VB, Auger C, Kim JH, Etienne-Selloum N, Chataigneau T. Nutritional improvement of the endothelial control of vascular tone by polyphenols: role of NO and EDHF. Pflugers Arch. 2010 May;459(6):853-62. doi: 10.1007/s00424-010-0806-4. Epub 2010 Mar 12. PMID: 20224869.
Charles AL, Meyer A, Dal-Ros S, Auger C, Keller N, Ramamoorthy TG, Zoll J, Metzger D, Schini-Kerth V, Geny B. Polyphenols prevent ageing-related impairment in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function through decreased reactive oxygen species production. Exp Physiol. 2013 Feb;98(2):536-45. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.067496. Epub 2012 Aug 17. PMID: 22903980.
Oak MH, Auger C, Belcastro E, Park SH, Lee HH, Schini-Kerth VB. Potential mechanisms underlying cardiovascular protection by polyphenols: Role of the endothelium. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018 Jul;122:161-170. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.018. Epub 2018 Mar 13. PMID: 29548794.
Taurine
Maleki V, Mahdavi R, Hajizadeh-Sharafabad F, Alizadeh M. The effects of taurine supplementation on oxidative stress indices and inflammation biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020 Jan 29;12:9. doi: 10.1186/s13098-020-0518-7. PMID: 32015761; PMCID: PMC6990511.
Xu YJ, Arneja AS, Tappia PS, Dhalla NS. The potential health benefits of taurine in cardiovascular disease. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2008 Summer;13(2):57-65. PMID: 19343117; PMCID: PMC2586397.
Ahmadian M, Dabidi Roshan V, Ashourpore E. Taurine Supplementation Improves Functional Capacity, Myocardial Oxygen Consumption, and Electrical Activity in Heart Failure. J Diet Suppl. 2017 Jul 4;14(4):422-432. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1267059. Epub 2017 Jan 24. PMID: 28118062.
Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging
Parminder Singh # 1, Kishore Gollapalli # 2, Stefano Mangiola # 3 4 5 6, Daniela Schranner # 7 8, Mohd Aslam Yusuf # 9, Manish Chamoli # 10, Sting L Shi 2, Bruno Lopes Bastos 11, Tripti Nair 12, Annett Riermeier 7, Elena M Vayndorf 13, Judy Z Wu 13, Aishwarya Nilakhe 1, Christina Q Nguyen 13, Michael Muir 13, Michael G Kiflezghi 13, Anna Foulger 10, Alex Junker 14, Jack Devine 14, Kunal Sharan 15, Shankar J Chinta 10, Swati Rajput 16, Anand Rane 10, Philipp Baumert 7, Martin Schönfelder 7, Francescopaolo Iavarone 17, Giorgia di Lorenzo 17, Swati Kumari 1, Alka Gupta 1, Rajesh Sarkar 1, Costerwell Khyriem 18 19, Amanpreet S Chawla 20 21, Ankur Sharma 18 19, Nazan Sarper 22, Naibedya Chattopadhyay 16, Bichitra K Biswal 1, Carmine Settembre 17 23, Perumal Nagarajan 24 25, Kimara L Targoff 26, Martin Picard 14, Sarika Gupta 1, Vidya Velagapudi 27, Anthony T Papenfuss 3 4, Alaattin Kaya 28, Miguel Godinho Ferreira 11, Brian K Kennedy 29 30 31, Julie K Andersen 10, Gordon J Lithgow 10, Abdullah Mahmood Ali 32, Arnab Mukhopadhyay 12, Aarno Palotie 27 33 34, Gabi Kastenmüller 8, Matt Kaeberlein 13, Henning Wackerhage 7, Bhupinder Pal 3 4 5 6, Vijay K Yadav 1 2 15 35. Affiliations expand. PMID: 37289866. DOI: 10.1126/science.abn9257
Pine Bark Extract
OPC Factor may increase energy levels in healthy adults aged 45-65 years.LaRiccia PJ, Farrar JT, Sammel MD, Gallo JJ. The effect of OPC Factor on energy levels in healthy adults ages 45-65: a phase IIb randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Jul;14(6):723-32. doi: 10.1089/acm.2007.0661. PMID: 18684077; PMCID: PMC3153864.
Vitamin C
Ayinde OC, Ogunnowo S, Ogedegbe RA. Influence of Vitamin C and Vitamin E on testicular zinc content and testicular toxicity in lead exposed albino rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2012 Dec 14;13:17. doi: 10.1186/2050-6511-13-17. PMID: 23241495; PMCID: PMC3554483.
Buettner GR. The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: lipid peroxidation, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbate. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993 Feb 1;300(2):535-43. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1993.1074. PMID: 8434935.
Jackson TS, Xu A, Vita JA, Keaney JF Jr. Ascorbate prevents the interaction of superoxide and nitric oxide only at very high physiological concentrations. Circ Res. 1998 Nov 2;83(9):916-22. doi: 10.1161/01.res.83.9.916. PMID: 9797340.
Huang A, Vita JA, Venema RC, Keaney JF Jr. Ascorbic acid enhances endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activity by increasing intracellular tetrahydrobiopterin. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jun 9;275(23):17399-406. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M002248200. PMID: 10749876.
